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Implantable sensor systems for medical applications

Edited by A Inmann, Andreas Inmann Consulting, USA and D Hodgins, European Technology for Business Limited, UK

Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials No. 52

The book really illustrates the complexity when it comes to biosensor development and implantation, which will encourage a lot of researchers to broaden their perspective beyond their own research area.
Drs. Elke Van De Walle, Ghent University, Belgium. Biomaterials Network

 - provides a wide-ranging overview of the core technologies, key challenges and main issues related to the development and use of implantable sensor systems in a range of medical applications
 - reviews the fundamentals of implantable systems, including materials and material-tissue interfaces, packaging and coatings, and microassembly
 - considers the challenges associated with implantable systems, including biocompatibility and sterilization
 - discusses applications of implantable systems, including Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) for in-vivo applications

Implantable sensor systems offer great potential for enhanced medical care and improved quality of life, consequently leading to major investment in this exciting field. Implantable sensor systems for medical applications provides a wide-ranging overview of the core technologies, key challenges and main issues related to the development and use of these devices in a diverse range of medical applications.

Part one reviews the fundamentals of implantable systems, including materials and material-tissue interfaces, packaging and coatings, microassembly, electrode array design and fabrication, and the use of biofuel cells as sustainable power sources. Part two goes on to consider the challenges associated with implantable systems. Biocompatibility, sterilization considerations and the development of active implantable medical devices in a regulated environment are discussed, along with issues regarding data protection and patient privacy in medical sensor networks. Applications of implantable systems are then discussed in part three, beginning with Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) for in-vivo applications before further exploration of tripolar interfaces for neural recording, sensors for motor neuroprostheses, implantable wireless body area networks and retina implants.

With its distinguished editors and international team of expert contributors, Implantable sensor systems for medical applications is a comprehensive guide for all those involved in the design, development and application of these life-changing technologies.

ISBN 1 84569 987 4
ISBN-13: 978 1 84569 987 1
January 2013
544 pages  234 x 156mm  hardback  
£165.00 / US$280.00 / €200.00

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About the editors

Dr. Andreas Inmann is a consultant and entrepreneur specializing in the development and commercialization of medical devices.

Dr. Diana Hodgins is Managing Director of European Technology for Business, Ltd., a UK-based company that specializes in the design of microsystems and sensors.

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Contents

PART 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF IMPLANTABLE SYSTEMS
PART 2 CHALLENGES OF IMPLANTABLE SYSTEMS
PART 3 APPLICATIONS OF IMPLANTABLE SYSTEMS

PART 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF IMPLANTABLE SYSTEMS

Materials for implantable systems
H P Neves, Biomedical Microsystems, imec, Belgium
 - Introduction
 - Interactions between materials and the biological medium
 - Electrodes
 - Preferred electrode metals, compounds, and polymers
 - Leads and interconnects
 - Packaging
 - Surface preparation
 - Conclusions
 - Future trends
 - Sources of further information
 - Acknowledgements
 - References

Material-tissue interfaces in implantable systems
T Stieglitz and M Schuettler, University of Freiburg, Germany
 - Introduction
 - Fundamental requirements of material-tissue interfaces
 - Material selection for implantable systems
 - Design considerations and packaging concepts
 - Approaches to reduce reactions at the material-tissue interface
 - Conclusions
 - Future trends
 - Sources of further information
 - References

Packaging and coating materials for implantable systems
J M Wasikiewicz, N Roohpour and P Vadgama, Queen Mary University of London, UK
 - Introduction
 - Packaging of the passive device surface
 - Coating of active device surfaces
 - Coatings and barriers for drug release
 - Enhancement of surface biocompatibility
 - Conclusions
 - Future trends
 - Sources of further information
 - References

Microassembly and micropackaging of implantable systems
M Schuettler and T Stieglitz, University of Freiburg, Germany
 - Introduction
 - Components of an implanted sensor system
 - Microassembly
 - Micropackaging
 - Conclusions
 - Future trends
 - Sources of further information
 - References

Electrode array design and fabrication for implantable systems
P Grabiec, K Domanski, and D Szmigiel, Instytut Technologii Elektronowej (ITE), Poland and D Hodgins, European Technology for Business Ltd, UK
 - Introduction
 - General requirements for implantable electrode arrays
 - Materials for implantable electrodes
 - The processing of silicone as a substrate material
 - Coating layers for microelectrodes
 - Fabrication of electrodes using platinum
 - Microelectrode arrays – design and fabrication
 - Advantages and disadvantages of existing fabrication processes
 - Risks
 - Conclusions
 - Future trends
 - Sources of further information
 - References

Biofuel cells as sustainable power sources for implantable systems
S Kerzenmacher, University of Freiburg, Germany
 - Introduction
 - Implantable biofuel cells
 - Design considerations
 - State-of-the-art and practical examples
 - Conclusions and future trends
 - Sources of further information
 - References

PART 2 CHALLENGES OF IMPLANTABLE SYSTEMS

Biocompatibility of implantable systems
J J Ramsden, Collegium Basilea (Institute of advanced study), Basel, Switzerland
 - Introduction
 - The course of events following insertion of an implantable system
 - Interfacial interactions
 - Biological and chemical processes which can affect implantable systems
 - Modeling protein adsorption
 - The immune response
 - Hydrodynamic and tribological aspects of biocompatibility
 - Corrosion
 - Cell-implant interactions
 - The metrology and evaluation of biocompatibility
 - Conclusions
 - Future trends
 - Sources of further information
 - References

Sterilisation considerations for implantable sensor systems
S Martin, QIAGEN Manchester Ltd, UK and E Duncan, Paladin Medical®, Inc, USA
 - Introduction
 - Global markets and the regulatory context
 - Methods for sterilisation of medical devices
 - Sterilisation of implantable sensor systems
 - Conclusions
 - Future trends
 - Sources of further information
 - References

Protection of data confidentiality and patient privacy in medical sensor networks
R Sankar, University of South Florida, USA, X H Le, University of Rochester Medical Center, USA, S Lee, Kyung Hee University, Korea, and D Wang, University of Rochester Medical Center, USA
 - Introduction
 - Challenges
 - Secure authentication of medical sensing information
 - Performance evaluation of the SecMed method
 - Discussion
 - Conclusion
 - Future trends
 - Sources of further information
 - References

Developing active implantable medical devices in a regulated environment
A Inmann, Andreas Inmann Consulting, USA and J Spensley, Finetech Medical, Ltd, UK
 - Introduction
 - The route to market
 - The medical device
 - The quality management system
 - The approval process
 - Maintaining feedback from the market
 - Conclusions
 - Future trends
 - Sources of further information
 - References

PART 3 APPLICATIONS OF IMPLANTABLE SYSTEMS

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) for in-vivo applications
A Vasudev and S Bhansali, Florida International University, USA
 - Introduction
 - Requirements for in-vivo MEMS
 - In-vivo physiological MEMS Sensors
 - In-vivo MEMS actuators
 - Biocompatibility
 - Conclusions
 - Future trends
 - Sources of further information
 - References

Tripolar interfaces for neural recording
N de N Donaldson, University College London, UK
 - Introduction
 - The signal
 - Noise
 - Common-mode interference effects
 - Interference by external potential gradients
 - Models and illustrations
 - Future trends
 - Conclusions
 - Acknowledgements
 - References

Sensors for motor neuroprostheses
K L Kilgore, MetroHealth Medical Center, USA
 - Introduction
 - Unique requirements of motor neuroprostheses
 - Clinical significance of motor neuroprostheses
 - Motor neuroprosthesis sensors
 - Motor neuroprosthesis control algorithms and sensor signal processing
 - Motor neuroprosthesis implantable sensor applications
 - Network topology design of sensor systems for use in motor neuroprostheses
 - Conclusions
 - Future trends
 - Sources of further information
 - References

Implantable wireless body area networks
T K Wotherspoon and M Higgins, Microsemi Corporation, UK
 - Introduction
 - Applications of implanted body area networks (IBANs)
 - Wireless communication into and out of the body
 - Healthy aims demonstration of implanted body area networks
 - Conclusions
 - Future trends
 - Sources of further information
 - References

Retina implants
R Hornig, IMI Intelligent Medical Implants, Germany and M Velikay-Parel, Medical University Graz, Austria
 - Introduction
 - Overview and approaches to retina implants
 - Technical implementation
 - Clinical trials
 - Conclusions
 - Future trends
 - Sources of further information
 - References