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Food diet and obesity

Edited by D Mela, Unilever Health Institute, The Netherlands

Woodhead Food Series No. 115

Worth an Academy Award.
Food and Beverage Reporter

…this is a timely book that brings together much wide-ranging information to provide a useful, comprehensive and scholarly overview of a most important topic.
British Journal of Nutrition

 - summarises key research which links diet and obesity
 - trends in obesity are examined
 - contributory factors to obesity are investigated, including lifestyle and genetics
 - looks at developing effective weight control strategies
 - written by a distinguished team of international editors

The global obesity epidemic is arguably the most serious health issue facing the food industry today. Food manufacturers are under increasing pressure over both the degree to which they are seen as contributing to the problem, and the role they should play in solving it. Drawing on the expertise of many of the world’s leading experts in this area, Food, diet and obesity summarises the key research on the links between obesity and diet. Topics discussed include trends in obesity, the evidence behind popular diets and meal replacers, the effectiveness of fat and sugar replacers in food, emerging issues such as the value of the glycemic index, protein content and calcium in weight control, and potential functional food targets and ingredients for weight control.

After an introductory chapter on global trends in obesity, Part 1 looks at the range of contributing factors to obesity, from nutrient-gene interactions, energy metabolism and physical activity to sensory responses to food, portion size and the psychology of overeating. Part 2 looks at macronutrients and their role in weight gain or loss, with chapters on topics such as energy density, dietary fat, carbohydrates, protein and dietary fibre. The final part of the book discusses issues in developing effective strategies for weight control, from gaining consumer acceptance of weight-control food products, through functional food ingredients, to community-based public health approaches in preventing obesity.

With its distinguished editor and contributors, Food, diet and obesity is a standard work for health professionals, nutritionists and R&D staff throughout the food industry, as well as all those concerned with understanding and reducing obesity.

ISBN 1 85573 958 5
ISBN-13: 978 1 85573 958 1
October 2005
544 pages  234 x 156mm  hardback  
£165.00 / US$280.00 / €205.00

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About the editor

Dr David Mela is a senior scientist and leader of the Energy, Weight Control & Performance expertise group at the Unilever Health Institute in Vlaardingen, The Netherlands. He has an international reputation for his work on the determinants and relationships amongst consumer behaviour, food intake and weight control.

Titles which may also be of interest:
Novel food ingredients for weight control
Improving the fat content of foods
Functional foods, ageing and degenerative disease
Functional foods, cardiovascular disease and diabetes

Contents

PART 1 CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
PART 2 MACRONUTRIENT INFLUENCES ON WEIGHT LOSS
PART 3 COMMERCIAL STRATEGIES, FUNCTIONAL TARGETS AND AGENTS IN WEIGHT CONTROL

Global trends in obesity
B Popkin, University of North Carolina, USA
 - Introduction
 - Trends in obesity
 - Dietary changes: more fat, more added caloric sweeteners, more animal source foods
 - Changes in physical activity: work, leisure, home and travel
 - Some key causes of change
 - Future trends
 - Implications and recommendations
 - Sources of further information and advice
 - References

PART 1 CONTRIBUTING FACTORS

Nutrient–gene interactions contributing to the development of obesity
C Verdich, Danish Epidemiology Science Centre, K Clement, INSERM, France and T Sorenson, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
 - Introduction
 - Genetic influences on obesity
 - Nutrient-sensitive genes
 -  Interactions between genetic background and diets
 - Managing obesity: dietary and other strategies
 - Future trends
 - Sources of further information and advice
 - References

Energy metabolism and obesity
A Astrup, Royal Agricultural and Veterinary University, Denmark
 - Introduction
 - How to measure energy expenditure
 - Major components of daily expenditure
 - Interaction between energy intake and physical activity
 - Energy expenditure at different ages
 - Energy expenditure and balance in obesity
 - Producing a negative energy balance in obese subjects
 - Summary
 - Glossary
 - Further reading

Physical activity and obesity
M Westerterp-Plantenga, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
 - Introduction
 - Activity-induced energy expenditure and obesity
 - Activity types, level and obesity
 - The role of activity in weight loss programs
 - Physical activity, physical fitness and weight maintenance
 - Implications and recommendations for physical activity and weight management
 - Future trends
 - Sources of further information and advice
 - References

Infant nutrition and adult obesity
M Goran, M Cruz, G Shaibi, M Weigensberg, D Spruijt-Metz, C Ebbeling and D Ludwig, University of Southern California, USA
 - Introduction
 - Trends in children’s diets as a factor in obesity
 - Obesity and chronic disease risk in children and adolescents
 - Increased body fat and health risk in children
 - Nutrition-based prevention and treatment of obesity and related disease risk
 - Summary and implications: multiple targets for treatment and prevention
 - References

The psychology of overeating
C Herman, J Polivy and T Leone, University of Toronto, Canada
 - Introduction
 - Historical overview
 - Modern theories of overeating and its causes
 - Types of overeating
 - Implications for reducing obesity
 - References

Sensory responses, food acceptance and obesity
C de Graaf, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
 - Introduction
 - Sensory perception, preference and food intake
 - Changing sensory responses to food intake
 - Sensory perception and preference of food by obese consumers
 - Making weight control foods more attractive to consumers
 - Implications, recommendations and future trends
 - References

Portion size and food intake
B Rolls, J Ello-Martin and J Ledikwe, The Pennsylvania State University, USA
 - Introduction: the growth in portion sizes
 - Studies showing that portion size effects energy intake
 - Eating out and portion size
 - Portion size, energy intake and obesity
 - Strategies to moderate the influence of portions size on energy intake
 - The future: the eating environment and obesity
 - References

PART 2 MACRONUTRIENT INFLUENCES ON WEIGHT LOSS

Energy density and weight control
S Whybrow, The Rowett Research Institute, UK, N Mazlan, International Islamic University of Malaysia; and R J Stubbs, The Rowett Research Institute, UK
 - Introduction
 - Definitions
 - Influence of diet composition on energy density
 - Relationships between food composition, energy density and energy intake
 - Relationship between obesity, food choice and energy density
 - Energy density and learned aspects of satiety
 - Energy density in the context of other influences on intake
 - Implications for the global food industry and public health strategies
 - Conclusions
 - References

Dietary fat and weight control
M Noakes, CSIRO Health Sciences and Nutrition, Australia
 - Introduction
 - Dietary fat and obesity: epidemiological studies
 - Dietary fat and obesity: cohort studies
 - Mechanisms linking dietary fat and weight gain
 - Low-fat diets and weight loss
 - Summary and conclusions
 - References

Carbohydrates, glycemic responses and weight control
K Teff, Monell Chemical Senses Center, USA
 - Introduction
 - The glycemic index (GI): definition and methodological issues
 - Factors affecting the glycemic index of foods
 - Glucose response and chronic disease
 - GI foods, food intake and weight control
 - References

Protein intake and weight control
P Clifton, CSIRO Health Sciences and Nutrition, Australia
 - Introduction
 - Protein intake and satiety
 - Protein intake and energy intake
 - Short and long term studies of protein intake and its effects
 - Very low carbohydrate, high protein diets
 - Safety of high protein diets
 - Future trends
 - Sources of further information and advice
 - References

Alcohol, energy balance and obesity
R D Mattes, Purdue University, USA
 - Introduction
 - Drinking patterns
 - Links between moderate alcohol ingestion and body weight
 - Alcohol and energy intake
 - Alcohol and body composition
 - Summary and research needs
 - References

The use of fat replacers for weight loss and control
J Miller, College of St Catherine, USA and S Jonnalagadda, Novartis Medical Nutrition, USA
 - Introduction
 - Types of fat replacers
 - The role of fat replacers in weight loss
 - Conclusions
 - References

Intense sweeteners and sugar replacers in the regulation of food intake and body weight
R Abou Samra and G Harvey Anderson, University of Toronto, Canada
 - Introduction
 - Intense sweeteners, sugar replacers and weight control
 - Caloric sugar replacers: sugar alcohols
 - Non-caloric sugar replacers: high-intensity sweeteners
 - Implications and recommendations
 - References

Dietary fibre and weight control
K Ryttig, Farmaservice Ltd., Denmark
 - Introduction
 - Defining dietary fibre
 - Defining obesity
 - Dietary fibre and the treatment of obesity
 - Dietary fibre and chronic diseases associated with obesity
 - Conclusion and future trends

PART 3 COMMERCIAL STRATEGIES, FUNCTIONAL TARGETS AND AGENTS IN WEIGHT CONTROL

Consumer determinants and intervention strategies for obesity prevention
H C M van Trijp, Wageningen University, J Brug, Erasmus University Medical Centre and R van der Maas, Unilever Health Institute, The Netherlands
 - Introduction
 - Behavioural determinants of obesity
 - Intervention strategies
 - Conclusions
 - References

Fat oxidation, appetite and weight control
M Leonhardt and W Langhans Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
 - Introduction
 - Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation and food intake
 - Increased peripheral fatty acid oxidation and food intake
 - Increased fatty acid oxidation in the brain
 - Effects of changes in fatty acid oxidation on glucose tolerance
 - Implications and recommendations
 - Conclusions and future trends
 - References

The use of very low calorie diets (VLCDs) and meal replacers for weight control
J W Anderson and E C Konz, University of Kentucky, USA
 - Introduction
 - Tailoring nutritional advice for weight control
 - Physical activity approaches
 - Behaviour modification
 - Comparative weight loss with different nutrition approaches
 - Very-low-calorie diets
 - Low-calorie diet use
 - Meal replacement use
 - Implications and recommendations
 - Conclusions and future trends
 - Sources of further information and advice
 - References

The effectiveness of popular diets: an overview
H Raynor and R Wing, Brown Medical School, USA
 - Introduction
 - Weight control practices amongst consumers
 - Criteria for evaluating weight loss programs
 - Evaluating the main types of weight management program
 - Physical activity and weight loss programs
 - Delivery methods used in weight loss programs
 - Implications and recommendations
 - References

Calcium and obesity
S I Barr University of British Columbia, Canada
 - Introduction
 - Possible mechanisms linking calcium/dairy intake and body weight regulation
 - Epidemiological studies
 - Randomized trials in humans
 - Human metabolic studies
 - Gaps in the literature and directions for future research
 - Implications and recommendations
 - Sources of further information and advice
 - References

Community-based approaches to prevent obesity
C Bell, Deakin University, Australia
 - Introduction
 - What has worked in other public health epidemics? Elements in a community-based approach to obesity prevention
 - Evaluating community-based projects for obesity prevention
 - Conclusion
 - Acknowledgements
 - References

Behavioural and metabolic targets for the prevention and control of obesity
M Westerterp-Plantenga, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
 - Introduction
 - Controlling energy intake through eating behaviour
 - Satiety
 - The effects of conjugated linoleic acid and other ingredients on energy efficiency and body composition
 - Energy intake, expenditure and storage: a synthesis
 - Future trends
 - References and further reading

A commercial R&D perspective on weight control foods
D J Mela, Unilever, Netherlands
 - Introduction
 - Commercial approaches to weight control
 - Formulating weight control products
 - Efficacy testing of weight control products
 - Summary and conclusions
 - Future trends
 - Implications and recommendations
 - References