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The alloy tree: A guide to low-alloy steels, stainless steels and nickel-base alloys

C Farrar, Consultant

 - illustrates the inter-relationship between the main alloy groups
 - traces the evolution and development of key alloys
 - comprehensive guide that looks at stainless steels, nickel alloys and low alloy steels and their role in the power generation, petrochemical and oil and gas industries.

There are certain key alloys, stainless steels, nickel alloys and low alloy steels that are of paramount importance to the power generation, petrochemical and oil and gas industries. In one fully comprehensive guide, The alloy tree addresses the significance of such alloys and their role in these fundamental industries.

The book begins with a short introduction and a master flow diagram, the “alloy tree”, which shows the interrelationship between the main alloy groups. This is followed by ten chapters, each describing how stainless steels, nickel alloys and some low alloy steels have evolved from plain carbon steel. Adopting a narrative style, each chapter explains the background, development, key properties and applications of the alloy type. Abbreviations, specifications, product forms, alloying costs and types of corrosion are covered in the extensive appendices and a full bibliography and sources of further information conclude the book.

The alloy tree will be an important reference for Metallurgists and Materials Engineers and for those mechanical and chemical engineers who have an interest in the alloys used in their industries.

ISBN 1 85573 766 3
ISBN-13: 978 1 85573 766 2
July 2004
208 pages  244 x 172mm  hardback  
£125.00 / US$210.00 / €155.00

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About the author

Dr Chris Farrar graduated from Cambridge University in 1966 and was later awarded a PhD from the University’s Department of Metallurgy and Materials. He worked at both TWI, Cambridge and Robert Jenkins and Co. Ltd, Rotherham, before being appointed Technical Director at Metrode Products Ltd, where most of his ideas and research for this book began. He is now a senior partner of the Chris Farrar Partnership – Metallurgical and Welding Consultancy.

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Contents

Introduction: the alloy tree
 - Alloy groups and their coverage in this book
 - How to use this guide

Group A – Creep resisting low alloy steels
 - Introduction
 - Grade 1 (½ Mo steels)
 - Grades 11 and 22 (1 and 2% chrome-moly steels)
 - Grades 5 and 9 (5 and 9% chrome-moly steels)
 - Grade 91 (9% Cr (Mod) steels)
 - Grades 92 and 911 (tungsten-bearing 9Cr steels)
 - CrMoV types (0.5-3% chrome-moly-vanadium steels)
 - Grades 23 and 24 (micro alloyed)
 - Grade X20 (12CrMoV steels)

Group B – Cryogenic, nickel low alloy steels
 - Introduction
 - Carbon-manganese steel
 - 2-3% nickel steels
 - 9% nickel steels

Group C – Martensitic and ferritic stainless steels
 - Types 410S, 405 and 409 (utility ferritic stainless steels)
 - Types 410 and 420 (martensitic stainless steels)
 - Type 430 (17% Cr ferritic stainless steels)
 - Type 446 (28% Cr ferritic stainless steels)
 - Types 630 and 450 (precipitation hardening stainless steels)
 - Types CA6NM and F6NM (13%Cr – 4%Ni soft martensitic stainless steels)
 - Supermartensitics (12%Cr supermartensitic stainless steels)
 - Superferritics (18-26%Cr superferritic stainless steels)

Group D – Duplex and superduplex stainless steels
 - Introduction
 - 2304 duplex (lean duplex stainless steels)
 - 2205 duplex (standard duplex stainless steels)
 - 2507 duplex (25Cr superduplex stainless steels)
 - Zeron 100, Sumitomo DP3W, Ferralium SD40 (25Cr superduplex stainless steels with Cu and/or W)

Group E – Standard austenitic stainless steels
 - ntroduction
 - Types 321 or 347 (stabilised stainless steels)
 - Types 304/304L ( low carbon)
 - Types 304H (high temperature stainless steels)
 - Types 316/316L (Mo bearing stainless steels)
 - Nitronics ( high manganese stainless steels)

Group F – Austenitic and superaustenitic stainless steels
 - Introduction
 - Type 317L (N)
 - Type 310L (corrosion resistant)
 - Type 904L
 - Superaustenitics (6%Mo)
 - High Mo, high N superaustenitics
 - Alloy 20
 - Alloy 825

Group G – Corrosion resistant nickel alloys
 - Introduction
 - Alloy 625
 - Alloy C types
 - Alloy C-276
 - Alloy C-22
 - Alloys C-2000, 59 and 686
 - Alloy 28
 - Alloy G types
 - Alloy 690

Group H - Heat resistant stainless steels
 - Introduction
 - Type 316H
 - Alloy 1250
 - Type 253MA
 - Type 304H
 - Type 310
 - Alloy DS
 - Type 330 or HT
 - Type HK40
 - Type HP40Nb
 - Alloy 22H and Supertherm
 - Type 35/45
 - Alloy IN-657

Group I – Heat resistant nickel alloys
 - Introduction
 - Alloy 800, 800H and 800HT
 - Alloy 600
 - Alloy 45TM
 - Alloy 333
 - Alloy 617
 - Alloy X

Group J – Nickel-copper and nickel-molybdenum alloys
 - Introduction
 - Alloy 200 and 201
 - Alloy 400 (Monels)
 - Cupronickel alloys
 - Alloy B types

Appendix A – Abbreviations

Appendix B – Specifications

Appendix C – Product forms

Appendix D – Alloying costs

Appendix E – The role of individual elements

Appendix F – Types of corrosion