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Metropolitan sustainability: Understanding and improving the urban environmentEdited by F Zeman, Royal Military College of Canada, Canada
Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy No. 34
- critically reviews the fundamental issues and applied science, engineering and technology that will enable all cities to achieve a greater level of metropolitan sustainability
- will assist nations in meeting the needs of their growing urban populations
- chapters discuss urban land use, the environmental impact of the build environment, the urban heat island effect, urban air pollution and emissions control, among other topics
Global populations have grown rapidly in recent decades, leading to ever increasing demands for shelter, resources, energy and utilities. Coupled with the worldwide need to achieve lower impact buildings and conservation of resources, the need to achieve sustainability in urban environments has never been more acute. This book critically reviews the fundamental issues and applied science, engineering and technology that will enable all cities to achieve a greater level of metropolitan sustainability, and assist nations in meeting the needs of their growing urban populations.
Part one introduces key issues related to metropolitan sustainability, including the use of both urban metabolism and benefit cost analysis. Part two focuses on urban land use and the environmental impact of the built environment. The urban heat island effect, redevelopment of brownfield sites and urban agriculture are discussed in depth, before part three goes on to explore urban air pollution and emissions control. Urban water resources, reuse and management are explored in part four, followed by a study of urban energy supply and management in part five. Solar, wind and bioenergy, the role of waste-to-energy systems in the urban infrastructure, and smart energy for cities are investigated. Finally, part six considers sustainable urban development, transport and planning.
With its distinguished editor and international team of expert contributors, Metropolitan sustainability is an essential resource for low-impact building engineers, sustainability consultants and architects, town and city planners, local/municipal authorities, and national and non-governmental bodies, and provides a thorough overview for academics of all levels in this field.
ISBN 0 85709 046 1
ISBN-13: 978 0 85709 046 1
September 2012
776 pages 234 x 156mm hardback
£190.00 / US$325.00 / €230.00
Usually dispatched within 24 hours
About the editor
Frank Zeman is Assistant Professor of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering at the Royal Military College of Canada, and the former Director of the Center for Metropolitan Sustainability at the New York Institute of Technology.
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Contents
PART 1 METROPOLITAN SUSTAINABILITY: AN INTRODUCTION
PART 1 METROPOLITAN SUSTAINABILITY: AN INTRODUCTION
PART 2 EARTH: URBAN LAND USE AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
PART 3 WIND: URBAN AIR POLLUTION AND EMISSIONS CONTROL
PART 4 WATER: URBAN WATER RESOURCES, REUSE AND MANAGEMENT
PART 5 FIRE: URBAN ENERGY SUPPLY AND MANAGEMENT
PART 6 SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT, TRANSPORT AND PLANNING
PART 1 METROPOLITAN SUSTAINABILITY: AN INTRODUCTION
PART 1 METROPOLITAN SUSTAINABILITY: AN INTRODUCTION
A living city: using urban metabolism analysis to view cities as life forms
S Pincetl, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Introduction: urban metabolism, or urban energy systems
- Divergent measuring approaches in urban metabolism (UM) analysis
- UM studies
- Understanding cities through UM
- Directions for planning and policy
- Future trends
- Sources of further information and advice
- References
Benefit cost analysis for environmental decision making: using discounting to compare benefits and costs that occur at different points in time
S L Shaikh, University of Chicago, USA
- Introduction
- The rationale for discounting
- A framework for intertemporal discounting
- Discounting for climate change
- Enhancing and improving net present value
- Acknowledgement
- References and sources of further information
Quantifying sustainability: industrial ecology, materials flow and life cycle analysis
S M Kaufman, Columbia University, USA
- Introduction to industrial ecology
- Materials flow analysis (MFA)
- Life cycle analysis (LCA)
- Sources of further information and advice
- References
Separation of mixtures: fundamentals and technologies
F Zeman, Royal Military College of Canada, Canada
- Introduction
- Characterization of separation processes
- Balance equations
- Preliminary separation process calculations
- Multi-stage separations
- Filtration
- Conclusions and sources of further information
- Acknowledgement
- References
PART 2 EARTH: URBAN LAND USE AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
The urban heat island effect: causes and potential solutions
M E Hulley, Royal Military College of Canada, Canada
- Introduction
- Basic causes and remedies
- Solutions and benefit assessment
- The urban heat island mitigation impact screening tool (MIST)
- Conclusions
- References
Redevelopment of brownfield sites
C De Sousa, Ryerson University, Canada and S Ghoshal, McGill University, Canada
- Introduction
- Management practices aimed at remediating and redeveloping brownfields
- Sustainability outcomes of brownfield redevelopment
- Case studies
- Sources of further information and advice
- References
Urban agriculture: opportunities and constraints
K Ackerman, Columbia University, USA
- Introduction
- Site availability for urban agriculture
- Crops and yields
- Food security
- Demands on and benefits for the urban water infrastructure
- Benefits for the urban energy infrastructure
- Waste and composting
- References
Building-integrated agriculture: a new approach to food production
D Gould and T Caplow, New York Sun Works Inc USA
- Introduction
- Ecological performance of building-integrated agriculture (BIA)
- Community impact of BIA
- Other forms of urban agriculture
- Case studies
- Sustainability challenges and future trends
- Sources of further information and advice
- References
PART 3 WIND: URBAN AIR POLLUTION AND EMISSIONS CONTROL
Metropolitan effects on atmospheric patterns: important scales
P M Klein, University of Oklahoma, USA
- Introduction
- Structure of the atmospheric boundary layer over metropolitan areas
- Local versus regional scale effects of urbanization on atmospheric patterns
- Interplay between metropolitan and global climate effects
- Conclusions and future trends
- Sources of further information and advice
- Acknowledgements
- References
The science of smog: a chemical understanding of ground level ozone and fine particulate matter
J A Geddes and J G Murphy, University of Toronto, Canada
- Introduction
- Ground level ozone chemistry
- Fine particulate matter chemistry
- Challenges facing smog control
- Megacity smog: examples from Beijing and Mexico City
- Summary and future trends
- Sources of further information and advice
- References
Air pollution in the urban atmosphere: sources and consequences
K McDonald, Concordia University College of Alberta, Canada
- Introduction
- Categories of pollutants
- Sources of air pollution
- Environmental and human health effects
- Future trends and sustainability challenges
- Sources of further information and advice
- References
Controlling emissions of pollutants in urban areas
J Wade, BASF Corporation and R J Farrauto, BASF Corporation and Columbia University, USA
- Introduction
- Mobile sources of pollution
- Reducing pollution from mobile sources
- Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and carbon monoxide (CO) from stationary sources and their control
- Nitrogen oxide (NOX) reduction from stationary sources
- Sulfur oxide (SOX) and particulate matter (PM) removal from coal-fired power plants
- Sustainability challenges and future trends
- References
Passive systems to improve air quality and reduce heat retention in the urban environment
P A DeSario and K A Gray, Northwestern University, USA
- Introduction
- Photocatalytic materials
- Current research into TiO2-based building materials
- Urban vegetation
- Sustainability challenges and future trends
- Sources of further information and advice
- References
PART 4 WATER: URBAN WATER RESOURCES, REUSE AND MANAGEMENT
Integrated urban water management: water use and reuse
K Exall, Environment Canada and T D Vassos, NovaTec Consultants Inc, Canada
- Introduction
- Alternative urban water sources and water quality considerations
- Treatment and infrastructure considerations for harvested rainwater and stormwater runoff
- Treatment and infrastructure considerations for water reuse
- Sustainability challenges
- Future trends
- Sources of further information and advice
- References
Rainwater harvesting: using urban roof runoff for residential toilet flushing
N Rostad and F Montalto, Drexel University, USA
- Introduction
- Analysis of roof runoff harvesting systems for flushing toilets in different cities
- Results of the analysis
- Discussion of factors influencing rainwater harvesting system performance
- Conclusions
- References
Urban water supply: modelling watersheds and treatment facilities
L Weinrich, American Water, J F Hubler and S Spatari, Drexel University, USA
- Introduction
- Systems analysis of urban water infrastructure
- Prospects for future urban water supply
- Energy use in the water industry
- Sources of further information and advice
- References
Water and wastewater treatment: chemical processes
V Yargeau, McGill University, Canada
- Introduction
- Chemical treatment of water and wastewater
- Considerations in plant design
- Challenges and future trends
- Sources of further information and advice
- References
Water and wastewater treatment: biological processes
B Sizirici Yildiz, Case Western Reserve University, USA
- Introduction
- Biological treatment options for wastewater
- Biological treatment options for water
- Issues with environmental residuals
- Sustainability challenges and future trends
- References
PART 5 FIRE: URBAN ENERGY SUPPLY AND MANAGEMENT
Solar energy in the built environment: powering the sustainable city
G Kiss, Kiss + Cathcart, Architects, USA
- Introduction: the potential of solar energy
- Solar energy in metropolitan areas
- Solar energy on the building scale
- Photovoltaic solar systems
- Solar thermal systems
- Biological solar systems
- Incentives for solar energy projects
Wind energy in the built environment
M A Hyams, Columbia University, USA
- Introduction
- Wind energy basics
- Wind flow in metropolitan areas
- Wind power technologies
- Important considerations for urban wind energy
- Conclusions
- Sources of further information and advice
- References
The role of waste-to-energy in the urban infrastructure
N J Themelis, Columbia University, USA
- Introduction
- Characterization of urban wastes
- Hierarchy of waste management
- Effect of global waste management on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
- Thermal treatment of post-recycling municipal solid wastes (MSW)
- Economic aspects of urban waste management
- Examples of cities approaching sustainable waste management
- References
Smart energy for cities: decentralized supply resources and their link to the modern grid
S A Hammer, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and M A Hyams, Columbia University, USA
- An introduction to decentralized energy
- Costs and benefits of decentralized energy supply systems
- Decentralized technologies for supplying power and thermal energy
- A smarter electric grid
- An alternative view for our future urban energy system
- Conclusions and future trends
- Sources of further information and advice
- References
Bioenergy for the urban environment
S Krigstin and R Levin, University of Toronto and S Wetzel, Natural Resources, Canada
- Introduction
- Conversion technologies: biomass to heat, power and transportation fuels
- Tools for modelling biomass availability
- Ensuring bioenergy sustainability
- Future trends
- Acknowledgements
- References
PART 6 SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT, TRANSPORT AND PLANNING
Planning for more sustainable urban development
S M Wheeler, University of California, Davis, USA
- Introduction
- The nature of urban planning
- Key aspects of urban sustainability planning
- The challenge of public participation
- Future trends
- Conclusions
- Sources of further information and advice
- References
Sustainable urban transport planning
M Grünig, Ecologic Institute, Germany
- Sustainable urban mobility and land use
- Transport choices in urban areas
- From car ownership to mobility services: new approaches in transportation
- Smart growth: linking land use planning and mobility
- Recommendations for urban transportation
- Sources of further information and advice
- References
The psychological needs of city dwellers: implications for sustainable urban planning
R Gifford and R Sussman, University of Victoria, Canada
- Introduction
- Individual differences in city dwellers’ needs
- The need for quiet, unpolluted, natural, and aesthetically pleasing areas
- The need for security
- The need for social interaction
- Conclusions
- References
Possible futures for sustainable building design
M Altwicker, New York Institute of Technology, USA
- Introduction
- Reconsidering building systems relationships to facilitate sustainable building design
- Three approaches to sustainable design and corresponding case studies
- Conclusions
- References and sources of further information
Moving toward urban sustainability: using lessons and legacies of the past
W D Solecki, City University of New York, USA
- Introduction
- Crisis, transition and transformation in urban development
- Environmental crises and transitions in New York City
- Conclusions
- References
A vision of suburban sustainability: the Long Island Radically Rezoned project
T Holler, New York Institute of Technology and A Serra, Buro Happold Consulting Engineers, USA
- Introduction
- The inherent efficiency of cities
- The new model of sustainability
- Case Study: Long Island radically rezoned: a regenerative vision for a Living Island
- References