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Tissue engineering using ceramics and polymers

Edited by A R Boccaccini, Imperial College London and J Gough, University of Manchester, UK

Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials No. 8

 - an innovative and up-to-date reference for professionals and academics
 - environmental scanning electron microscopy is discussed
 - analyses bone regeneration and specific types of tisue engineering
 - written by distinguished editors at the forefront of the industry

Technology and research in the field of tissue engineering has drastically increased within the last few years to the extent that almost every tissue and organ of the human body could potentially be regenerated. With its distinguished editors and international team of contributors, Tissue engineering using ceramics and polymers reviews the latest research and advances in this thriving area and how they can be used to develop treatments for disease states.

Part one discusses general issues such as ceramic and polymeric biomaterials, scaffolds, transplantation of engineered cells, surface modification and drug delivery. Later chapters review characterisation using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry as well as environmental scanning electron microscopy and Raman micro-spectroscopy. Chapters in part two analyse bone regeneration and specific types of tissue engineering and repair such as cardiac, intervertebral disc, skin, kidney and bladder tissue. The book concludes with the coverage of themes such as nerve bioengineering and the micromechanics of hydroxyapatite-based biomaterials and tissue scaffolds.

Tissue engineering using ceramics and polymers is an innovative reference for professionals and academics involved in the field of tissue engineering.

ISBN 1 84569 176 8
ISBN-13: 978 1 84569 176 9
October 2007
624 pages  234 x 156mm  hardback  
£185.00 / US$315.00 / €220.00

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About the editors

Dr Aldo R Boccaccini is a Reader in Materials Science at Imperial College London, UK. Dr Boccaccini has published extensively in the area of scaffold materials and composites.

Dr Julie E Gough is a Senior Lecturer in Biomedical Materials at the University of Manchester, UK. Dr Gough is widely respected for her research and activities in the field of biomaterials and tissue engineering.

Titles which may also be of interest:
Bioceramics and their clinical applications
Sterilisation of tissues using ionising radiations
Advances in ceramic matrix composites
Standardisation in cell and tissue engineering
Nanomaterials in tissue engineering

Contents

PART 1 GENERAL ISSUES
PART 2 TISSUE AND ORGAN GENERATION

PART 1 GENERAL ISSUES

Ceramic biomaterials
J Huang, University College London, UK and S Best, University of Cambridge, UK
 - Introduction
 - Characteristics of ceramics
 - Microstructure of ceramics
 - Properties of ceramics
 - Processing of ceramics
 - Conclusions
 - Future trends
 - References

Polymeric biomaterials
G Wei and P X Ma, The University of Michigan, USA
 - Introduction
 - Polymeric scaffolds for tissue engineering
 - Polymeric scaffolds with controlled release capacity
 - Conclusions
 - References

Bioactive ceramics and glasses
J R Jones, Imperial College, London, UK
 - Introduction
 - Synthetic Hydroxyapatite
 - Bioactive glass
 - Glass-ceramics
 - Conclusions
 - References

Biodegradable and bioactive polymer/ceramic composite scaffolds
S K Misra and A R Boccaccini, Imperial College London, UK
 - Introduction
 - Biodegradable polymers and bioactive ceramics
 - Composite material approach
 - Materials processing strategies for composite scaffolds
 - Case studies
 - Conclusions and Future Trends
 - References

Transplantation of engineered cells and tissues
J Mansbridge, Tecelllact LLP, USA
 - Introduction
 - Rejection of tissue engineered products
 - Testing and regulatory consequences
 - Generality of the resistance of tissue-engineered products to immune rejection
 - Manufacturing consequences
 - Conclusions and future trends
 - Sources of further information and advice
 - Acknowledgements
 - References

Surface modification to tailor the biological response
K Shakesheff and G Tsourapas, University of Nottingham, UK
 - Introduction
 - The biochemistry of cell interactions with the ECM
 - The need for surface modification of scaffolds
 - General strategies for surface modification
 - Examples from the literature
 - Covalent attachment
 - References

Combined tissue engineering and drug delivery
N Tirelli, University if Manchester, UK
 - Introduction
 - Growth factor (GF) delivery
 - Signalling molecules physically entrapped in a matrix
 - Signalling molecules released from a bound state
 - References

Carrier systems and biosensors for biomedical applications
F Davis and S P J Higson, Cranfield University, UK
 - Introduction
 - Carrier systems
 - Commercial systems
 - Polyanhydrides
 - Biosensors
 - Continuous monitoring
 - Future trends
 - Conclusions
 - References

Characterisation using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and secondary ion spectrometry (SIMS)
A J Urquhart and M R Alexander, University of Nottingham, UK
 - Introduction
 - X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
 - Static secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS)
 - Specific sample preparation and acquisition procedures
 - Conclusions
 - Future trends
 - Acknowledgements
 - References

Characterisation using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM)
A M Donald, University of Cambridge, UK
 - Introduction
 - The instrument: a comparison with CSEM
 - Static experiments
 - Dynamic experiments
 - Dual beam instruments – an emerging technique
 - Potential and limitations
 - Conclusions
 - References

Characterisation of cells on tissue engineered construsts using imaging techniques/microscopy
S I Anderson, University of Nottingham, UK
 - Introduction
 - General considerations and experimental design
 - CLSM
 - Combining techniques
 - Future trends
 - References

Characterisation using Raman micro-spectroscopy
I Notingher, University of Nottingham, UK
 - Introduction
 - Principles of Raman spectroscopy
 - Characterisation of living cells
 - Characterisation of tissue engineering scaffolds
 - Conclusions and future trends
 - References

PART 2 TISSUE AND ORGAN GENERATION

Engineering of tissues and organs
A Atala, Wake Forest University, USA
 - Introduction
 - Native cells
 - Biomaterials
 - Alternate cell sources: stem cells and nuclear transfer
 - Tissue engineering of specific structures
 - Cellular therapies
 - Conclusions and future trends
 - References

Bone regeneration and repair using tissue engineering
P Woźniak and A J El Haj, Keele University Medical School, UK
 - Introduction
 - Principles of bone biology
 - Basics of bone remodelling
 - Skeletal tissue reconstruction- a tissue engineering approach
 - Conclusions
 - Acknowledgements
 - References

Bone tissue engineering and biomineralisation
L Di Silvio, Kings College London, UK
 - Introduction
 - Tissue engineering
 - Scaffolds and biomineralization
 - Conclusions and future trends
 - References

Cardiac tissue engineering
Q Z Chen, S E Harding, N N Ali, H Jawad and A R Boccaccini, Imperial College London, UK
 - Introduction
 - Cell sources
 - Construct-based strategies in myocardial tissue engineering
 - Conclusions and future trends
 - Acknowledgements
 - References

Intervertebral disc tissue engineering
J Hoyland and T Freemont , University of Manchester, UK
 - Introduction
 - The impact of disorders of the intervertebral disc (IVD) on modern society
 - The normal anatomy, function and cell biology of the intervertebral disc (IVD)
 - The Pathobiology of IVD degeneration
 - Treatment of degeneration of the IVD
 - The place of biomaterials in proposed strategies for managing IVD degeneration
 - Tissue Regeneration and the IVD
 - Conclusions
 - Future Trends
 - Sources of further information and advice
 - References

Skin tissue engineering
S MacNeil, University of Sheffield, UK
 - Why do we need tissue engineered skin?
 - Key events in the development of tissue engineered skin
 - Do we need stem cells for tissue engineering of skin?
 - Key steps in development of tissue engineered skin for clinical use
 - Converting research into products
 - Problems with reconstructed skin
 - Unexpected results from using 3D skin models
 - Future trends
 - References

Liver tissue engineering
K Shakesheff, University of Nottingham, UK
 - Introduction
 - The Structure of the Liver Lobule
 - Clinical & Commercial Applications of Engineered Liver Tissue
 - Approaches to liver tissue engineering
 - Conclusions
 - Future trends
 - References

Kidney tissue engineering
A Saito, Tokai University, Japan
 - Introduction
 - Present status of kidney regeneration
 - Functional limitation of current heamodialysis as an artificial kidney
 - System configuration for bioartificial kidneys
 - Past and current status of development of bioartificial kidneys
 - Attachment and proliferation of tubular epithelial cells on polymer membranes
 - Function of Tubular epithelial cells on polymer membranes
 - Evaluation of a long-term function of LLC-PK1 cell-attached hollow fibre membrane
 - Improvement of the components of a portable bioartificial kidney developed for long-term use
 - Conclusions and future trends
 - References

Bladder tissue engineering
A Turner, University of York, R Subramaniam, D F M Thomas, St. James’s University Hospital Leeds and J Southgate, University of York, UK
 - The bladder – structure and function
 - The clinical need for bladder reconstruction
 - Concepts and strategies of bladder reconstruction and tissue-engineering
 - Review of past and current strategies in bladder reconstruction
 - Cell conditioning in an external bioreactor
 - Future trends
 - Conclusions
 - References

Nerve bioengineering
P Kingham and G Terenghi, University of Manchester, UK
 - Peripheral nerve
 - Peripheral nerve injury and regeneration
 - Peripheral nerve repair
 - Bioengineered nerve conduits
 - Matrix materials
 - Cultured cells and nerve constructions
 - Conclusions
 - References

Lung tissue engineering
A E Bishop and H J Rippon, Imperial College London, UK
 - Introduction
 - Lung structure
 - Sources of cells for lung tissue engineering
 - Lung tissue constructs
 - Conclusions
 - References

Intestine tissue engineering
D A J Lloyd, St Mark’s Hospital and S M Gabe, Imperial College London, UK
 - Introduction
 - Approaches to tissue engineering of the small intestine
 - Artificial scaffolds
 - Intestinal lengthening using artificial scaffolds
 - Transplantation of intestinal stem cell cultures
 - Growth factors
 - Future trends
 - Conclusions
 - References

Micromechanics of hydroxyapatite-based biomaterials and tissue engineering scaffolds
A Fritsch and L Dormieux, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussees (LMSGC-ENPC), France, C Hellmich, Vienna University of Technology, Austria and J Sanahuja, Lafarge Research Center, France
 - Introduction
 - Fundamentals of continuum micromechanics
 - Micromechanical representation of mono-porosity biomaterials made of hydroxyapatite – stiffness and strength estimates
 - Model validation
 - Continuum micromechanics model for ‘hierarchical’ hydroxyapatite biomaterials with two pore spaces used for tissue engineering
 - Conclusions and future trends
 - Appendix I
 - Nomenclature
 - References

Cartilage tissue engineering
J Gough, University of Manchester, UK
 - Introduction
 - Structure, cellularity and extracellular matrix
 - The need for cartilage repair
 - Current treatments including autologous chondrocyte transplantation
 - Cell source
 - Materials
 - Growth factors and oxygen
 - Loading
 - Osteochondral defects
 - Conclusions and future trends
 - References